The Maras

The Maras have a history since the decade of 1980 in the streets of Los Angeles, United States, at that time began to arrive a great migratory flow from El Salvador, a country that was in a long and hard civil war. 

Among the explanations of the origin of the word it is said that it comes from the term "Marabunta", which corresponds to a plague of carnivorous ants that always walk together and eat everything in its path. Then, the word was adopted by the Central American youth to refer to friends, people, the band, the Mara. Some sources claim that the band bears the name of the Mara, a street in the city of San Salvador, but that street does not exist.

Mara Salvatrucha, MS-13 or "Ms" is a group of young gangsters and their members are distinguished by having many tattoos on their body, also uses their own sign language.

The maras are known to be very violent, their criminal activities include murder, extortion, drug and people trafficking, arms sales, territorial control and "protection" in the midst of an aesthetic of tattooed bodies.

It is difficult to calculate how many members the Mara has, in El Salvador it is believed that there are more than 60,000 "mameros", they are organized in "cells" of approximately 1000 people, always young people. There's a tough hierarchy of command within the maras.

Within the Mara the Chiefs exert their power over the rest of the members, especially from the implementation of a strict code of silence. I mean, "what goes on Inside the Mara, is in the Mara." In this sense, as all members of a Mara are involved in illicit acts of greater or lesser type, it is dangerous to think of breaking that rule, because in addition it would imply treason and the traitor would be punished with death.

There are rituals that the young recruited in the neighborhoods must meet to enter the Mara: if it is a man, it is submitted by several members of the Organization to a beating for 13 seconds. 

Also requires demonstrating skills and bravery, for which they are asked to kill someone, usually a policeman or a rival gangster. Women, for their part, have the option to choose to be raped by ten members of the group. They are the ones who suffer the most violence within the Mara.

Central American countries are full of violence of all kinds around them, and can be divided into direct and indirect violence, direct violence is the one that leaves in sight its results and can be measured from homicides, wounded and even displaced. Indirect violence, on the other hand, is much more difficult to differentiate and measure. It can be verbal or psychological and it is worth of coercion and intimidation as tools for its development (Galtung, 2004).

Women who are part of the Mara suffer both kinds of violence. While there are maras where they prohibit the entry of women, there are others where it is allowed for them to perform tasks such as: sexual partner, Group Cook, child breeder, Gang messengers, among others.

Some women in La Mara also have the violent work of extortion or kidnapping when they earn a place inside the cell. Yet women cannot make decisions, they are also considered the "weak sex"

In conclusion, the Maras are a problem beyond the criminal acts that they commit, because the discriminations of gender within the Mara are very strong. As social workers we must look at the social and structural situation of these organizations from a critical point of view, because there are many people who are part of the Maras by obligation, they cannot leave because "you live and die for the Mara".

That is why the countries that have them must have special social interventions to help those people who want to change their way of life but with the fear of dying in the attempt, also live discrimination because being part of a Mara marks their bodies with Tattoos that identify them. 

Currently exist social programs in these countries to help for example to erase tattoos of former members of the Mara to give them a better quality of life.  Then we must act as social workers.

Bibliographie 

Galtung, J. (2004). Violencia, guerra y su impacto. Sobre los efectos visibles e invisibles de la violencia. Polylong. Foro para filosofía intercultural (online).

Recuperado de: http://them.polylog.org/5/fgj-es.htm  

https://actualidad.rt.com/rtpedia/185360-pandillas-mara-salvatrucha-barrio-18

https://www.altairmagazine.com/voces/las-maras-no-eran-lo-que-son

https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2018/02/08/como-se-formo-y-organizo-la-sanguinaria-mara-salvatrucha-la-brutal-pandilla-narco-salvadorena/

Sampó, Carolina. (2016). El rol de las mujeres en las maras: una aproximación a la violencia que sufren e infringen. Si Somos Americanos, 16(2), 127-142. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0719-09482016000200005

Introduction The goal of this report is to describe and evaluate my six weeks’ experience at the Program to reforest open spaces to the community. Deliver life The Reforestation Program is an idea to planted native tree along to Chile, transformed the reforestation areas on open spaces so that the community and have the chance learn care of the Earth. The principal Idea is create a environmental conscience. Here work a big team multidisciplinary because we need know about agronomy for the reforestation, forest engineer, social worked because is necessary know the what type of area the community need. Everyone who wants to help is welcome My work experience During my six weeks with the Reforest Program I have different job. Know the families; On this job I was go to the house to nearby communities to the reforestation area, this in order to know the different needs to the families regard de recreation areas, new knowledge about native flora and fauna, also know the interesting about the nature contact how a therapy. Later I will give a diagnosis and crate areas to improve the quality of life to people and the Earth. This job realized 3 days a week, and we need comfortable clothing. Work the land; Here we need just use our hand, is the process to prepare the land, and start the reforestation. Is important that the tree be native tree, because on Chile exist many forests with trees as Eucalyptus and this tree consume 2o liters to water for day. The native tree on Chile is different depend the zone, north, center or south, the program idea is adapt the reforestation with the zone. This job is 5 days on a week, very potent and all professionals collaborate and also the community. On this job is necessary comfortable and fresh clothing. General comments The time at the Reforestation Program was incredible, I can learn very much and really I feel that I need more time in the program. Is 100% an advisable experience. I know different professional with different different form to seeing the world Conclusion I finish with motivation for comeback In other moment, and invite all the people to work with this program, this families and know about necessary’s to the Earth.

                                   Use of Facebook


1. How often do you use Facebook?
a) Always
b) Often
c) Some time
d) Never

2. How many friends do you have in this social networking?
a) 0 - 100 friends
b) 100 - 500 friends
c) 500 - 1500 friends
d) 1500 - 5000 friends

3. How many hours in the day do you spend in Facebook?
a) 15 minutes - 30 minutes
b) 30 minutes - 1 hour
c) 1 hour - 3 hours
d) 3 hours or more

4. Why do you create Facebook
a) Talk with your friends
b) Play games
c) Have a virtual store
d) Social pression

5. What do you change of Facebook?
a) More privacy
b) Best quality of pictures
c) Increase the number of friends
d) More restriction for have Facebook

6. Do you made purchases in the market of Facebook?
a) Yes, always
b) Yes, but i don't recommend 
c) No, because i don't know how
d) No, because i don't trust

7. What is your favorite reaction?
a) Funny
b) Sad
c) Love it
d) Surprised

Introduction 2

FREE ABORTION ON CHILE

Background:

Chile is a very conservative country and on this history never existed a free abortion and is criminalized for the Chilean justice and also to part to the society. On 2014 the ex-president Michelle Bachelet declare a new draft law to decriminalize the abortion on 3 causal, therapeutic abortion when the mother stay on risk, violation or invalidity fetus. This situation causes a problematic discussion respect the topic.  The draft law about abortion on 3 causal was very slow and was put on hold long time. Finally on 14 September to 2017 the law was approved, always with many critics and people adverse.

 Problem:

Despite that the law on 3 causal was approved exist in Chile very disinformation about the abortion and for this we have just 3 causal, this is a real problem to the Chilean society because exist an idea to the obliged maternity for all women and an bad idea that all women want be mothers, this is product to the patriarchal society on Chile. The women be penalized for decide about our body’s and for this the most big problem is that the women dying every day because realized an abortion without medical knowledge, often alone, with a pill to “misotrol” achived also illegal. This and more situation produce that many women dying because can’t have a baby or do not want be mothers. Exist many particular cases whereby is very necessary a free abortion, legal, informed. The abortion not is a religious theme, space that broadcast the majority bad critics, really is a medical theme, is public health.

Proposed Solution:

For think a real solution about the abortion, first is necessary have education about the topic on the society, on Chile some people think unwarily that a zygote is a real baby, not understand that this is just a cell, and people think that if abortion is legal all women want have an abortion, but all this is lack of knowledge. Is necessary have a country informed, out of religion opinion, informed to the science.

Introduction

VIOLENCE IN  PERSONAL RELATION SHIP ON CHILE 

Violence in personal relationship on Chile

Unfortunately the violence toward woman is naturalized on different societies, tribes or religions where it is practiced, for different reasons many women are forced to do and take a few decision, many times just for be women.

Currently we can see the submission that de women suffer on different areas of their lives, emphasizing occurs inside to personal relationship. In the Latin America context the violence toward woman is each year clearer covering social, politic, and economic or religion areas. For example countries such Colombia have studies for youngers (15 – 35 years), whereby youngers between  15 and 17 years the frequently to violence inside to relationship is a 73,2%

English Language Challenges

On this las post I would like to say that the inglish class has been excellent and really motivating, but thanks to the teaches, because every Friday she does the class with many energy and also I like learn a new lenguage that I will suit me all my life.

I loved making blogs ever Friday, because is the moment to practice write in inglih and know new words to extend my vocabulary and we can know varied things about the other companions.

Regard to my english, even I need improve many things, how extend my vocabulary, to improve my pronunciation, my draft and to improve something that always is difficult to me, the use of connectors, but to improve my problems with the english I need to practice, very much, to write more things in english, listen more conversations in english  or speak more in english with my friends. For me, the key of learns english is the practice.

Out of the english class I need use this language all the time, because on this globalized world the english has turned the principal language and I need to understand it to achive many things. Commonly I listen english when I watch series or movies on Netflix or in the cable TV, even I see with subtitles, but I try to understand the wors before Reading. Also I listen to music on english and I strain very much for dealing, but is difficult form my because it is very rapid.

Changes to my study programme

Personally I am in love to my career and before to enter to university I looked carefully all my matter because is some different of other universities, Universidad de Chile has many innovations on Social Work. Maybe I would like change some things regard to the order semestral for to take some matters, but I understand that we are just the third generation in Social work at Universidad de Chile and we are an “experiment”, and probably in the future exist many changes to improve the quality of education.

But if I can change something at university I think that I like improve for example the amount to libraries or study rooms, because there are few areas for study, together with this I would like have more computers, sometimes is difficult bring the computer, and maybe is dangerous and de computers room always they are busy. Also exist people at university that not have a computer, and this it becomes a problem.

On my carer exist matter that I don’t like so much, because I may not agree with the how to assess the test but is difficult changes the teaching methods to professors.

About my professors I would like propose give them courses about pedagogic systems because all are excellent professionals and really expert on they discipline but some teachers don’t know, or they are not good teaching.

Truth I would like changes more things about the university that my particular career, because this not is perfect but has more positive thing that negative things.

Personal Opinon

Today Im going to give  my opinion about 2 different topics, that I think, are interesting.  My opinion about tattoos, also about the legalizing marihuana.

In my career we always talk about these topics, is frequently discussed in the classroom or with our friends. Regard to the tattoos, I love this, I think that our body is a blank canvas and we can do with it everything to decorate it;It is a free election for each person, we need to know the culture of tattoos because along the history for a few cultures, it is really important, the tattoos have significance, and we, on this contemporary world copy these practices. Personally I love tattoos and I have 5 tattoos on my body, my first tattoo I did it when I was 15 years old, and it was a birthday present. I have no regrets, and this is important, because a tattoo is forever. Also it is important to know about the hygiene at the time of receiving a tattoo, we need to be sure about the cleanse of the tattooist and the place. One tattoo is a mark and can help you remember, persons, stories, and more,It also helps a lot to people that have a scar and with a tattoo it can be covered.

                                                        

                     

Now, about the legalizing marihuana, it is a sensitive topic in the society, but I think that this is just because of lack of knowledge,  people think that all drugs are bad, but just illegal drugs. Not many people know about the property that the marihuana has, property beyond the medical uses, the marihuana is a recreational drug and it is fantastic when you need to relax or think deep thing.  I am annoyed that the people critic the marihuana because they think that is a bad drugs, (of course not all effects are good), but  people do not critic the ethyl alcohol or cigarette because these are also drugs, but they are legal drugs, maybe more deadly and cause more negative consequences. The marihuana is great, but many people can’t discover it because the society influences on the bad reputation of the marihuana.

Someone I'd like to meet

Probably I'd like to meet many people that I admire, actors, singers, writers, etc. and my main objective would be to talk with them, ask about their personal lives, about their social contribution to the world, understanding that they are widely known by many people in the world and this is important because they can transmit powerful messages. For this reason I think that I'd loke to meet Dan Brown, he is an American writer,he is maybe my favorite writer. He writes books about real things, on his books we can see topics about, "El Santo Grial", Mason's Mysteries, Overcrowding and more goods topics. 

Dan Brown wrote books as "El Codigo DaVinci", "El simbolo perdido", "Inferno", "Angeles y demonios" and his last book, "Origen", also he wrote other books, but in these already mentioned books the protagonist is Robert Langdon, he is a Harvard' teacher of "iconología religiosa" and  he lives different situations in each book.

 I really like Dan Brown's books because he mixes his Story with real Universal history, the places, art treasures, symbols, and all is real! I like that because I read a good story and I learn more history. 

This is my favorite! 

I would like to meet  Dan Brown because I think that he is a very cultured person and I would like to talk about his interest about the symbols in the world, I would like to ask him where he learned to write his books, I would like to learn with him and tell him about my opinion about his books, and what things amazed me.

Postgraduate Studies

The truth when I finish my career, I hope to begin shall do my best for to get to my first Magister on Social Work, but I hope studies my Magister or other postgraduate course out of the country, really I would like do it this in Brazil or Australia maybe, but first I need learn to speak Portuguese and improve my English.

Even not decide that specific topic I hope studies on my first Magister, I think that maybe on 3 years more know better that specific topic I would like. But I am sure about one thing, I hope study a least one of my future postgraduates course about nursery education because I always felt that work with children is the most important on the society, they will be our future, on they we cant change a little our society.

One on my best fiends now study nursery education and we always talk about mix our professions, and we hope achieve it on the future. But we want do it with many studies for improve our professions. Is fantastic take dreams in common with a good friends.

As I started earlier on other blog I also study alternative therapies for work with people’s energies and I need learn with a good course, yes or yes I wont to take a time for do it seriously.

My Best Friend

        MY FRIEND NAN 

When I talk about my best friend I fell many emotions, because is one of more important persons to me, my best friend is called Constanza but we call Nan. 

Nan is the best friend on any universe, and always I think that we are measures to share our energies. 

I knew my best friend Nan at school when a was 13 years old, she arrived to school when we were in the eighth grade and this years, first we hated, because I am a mean girl. After, over time we discover that we had many things in common and all of a sudden we became friends, we became BEST friend. 

Our friendship has many stories, stories good or bad. During our teenage we are accompanied at all times, we know all our secrets, she was my partner in all my crazy. 

Nan is my best friend and always will be, becaus we are connected from de heart, always we need just a look to understand  each other, here exist a especial trust. 

I can`t choose one moment special with Nan because for me, really all moment with her, every new topic is the most important on our frienship, obvious I remember with particular feeling when we were going to partys or going to drink beer on Bellavista, wow its a great memories. 

In spite of being remote the last years because our lives are in different paths the love is always even, strong and real <3 

My favorite TV Show

    VIKINGS

Is difficult for me choose a tv program because I dont like watch tv, I would prefer watch series in Netflix, but  a couple of years ago I meet a series so called Vikingos. 

Vikigos its about a Viking called Ragnar Lodbrok and his history even since decided discover new territories sail the Nordic seas. Floki, Ragnar's friend built several boats and accompanied him voyage. 

The protagonist Rargnar has a family with his spouse Lagertha and her daughter Gyda who dies of pest, and her soon Bjorn. The series Vikings tells the Ragnar life as king of Denmark  and Sweden in the century IX, therefore the series turns on a history about each character of the Ragnar's family, including Ragnar's brother Rollo. 

Rollo was older brother and always felt envy of Ragnar, her life and her woman, Rollo in a moment turns a main character, equally with Lagertha who after ending with Ragnar started a new life. Moreover Bjorn goes with Lagertha and when he was 18 he come back next to Ragnar.

During the serie born important character and with they news historys.

One of my favorit episode is when Ragnar and their parners invaded a kingdom on England and they take all things and a franciscan monk who turns a Ragnar's friend. 

This series is fantastic, because have action, emotion and also ensing abaut other culture different, viking's culture, with different Gosd as Odin, or the oracle. The program shows the viking's courage and they lifestyle full of sacrifices for the gods 

Here we can see Rollo, Ragnar and Lagertha. 

Post 2 --> THE BEST CONCERT EVER

Choosing a concert is so difficult for me because when I was a little girl I went to many concerts. But I love to remember the "Caupolizanazo" or "Fonda Permamente", because this is a Cumbia party at Caupolican theatre  and attended differerent groups, "La combo tortuga", "Santa feria", "Guachupe", "Villa Cariño", "Moral distraida", "La sonora 5 estrellas"  and more. It was so fun! When I listen to cumbia my body goes crazy, an when I go to the "Caupolicanazo" or "Fonda Permanente" I go with my friends and together we dance and sing all songs. At the Theatre Caupolican I can drink "terremoto". It is one of my favorite drinks and there they sell all year. 

I go to "Caupolicanazo" or "Fonda permanente" many times in a year, but I remember with love when I went with my friend Antonia and we met a young man so funny and he taught us to play the "Guiro", this is an important instrument for Cumbia, but this man was drunk and was really a bad teacher. That nigth was unforgettable, dance, sing and drink "terremoto" with my friends is the best of the world.

post 1 --> A country I would like to visit

Visiting India is a dream. This country is on south of Asia and has 1240 million inhabitants , it is the second country with more inhabitants on the word. 

I love this country mainly for its culture, I am very interested about this country because I admire the strength of this culture, many people are devoted above everything about its religion, in  India, they have kept their traditions throughout its history. Inside the religion from India we find Hinduism, Buddhism, "Jainismo" and "Sijismo. 

I like  all about Hinduism and Buddhism so much,I have always read about this, and it seems to me great how many people profess this religion, i love its religion images, Ganesha is my favorite and there is a celebration special for this, "Ganesh Chaturthi" this is the most colouring party. In this celebration the people put a Ganesh image in the importat area of the house or temporal altar in the street with light color and flowers and after (10 / 12 days) Ganesh is submerged in the water. 

 I would love I can stay on this celebration, for this  reason I'm going to wait to travel to India when i finish the university.

MY EXPERIENCES WITH BLOGS

In this Englishman's level, the blogs were the most enterteining thing, In them I could write things of my life and know a bit more of the life and tastes of my companions.

I would like much that in the college this activity existed. I learned to use better the connectors to write, and I think that my vocabulary now is bigger than before, I feel that thanks to the blogs now I can speak with someone in English more fluid. It is very entertained for my to have a blog, it had never had one before.

Up to my friends of the college they visit my blog and they like much.

I am grateful very much for this activity, it is good not to be the whole class in the same room and to do new things to learn.

My experience of major sister

I have 3 sister, Sofia is 16 years old, Renata is 14 years old and Florencia is 11 years old. Yes! We all are woman. Definitively 5 women in a house it is a chaos.

Regardless I want to tell them the wonderful thing that is to have small sisters. My first sister was born when I tape-worm 4 years, It was a great experience, it was taking care of it the whole day and was not separating me from her. It was like a wrist, very beautifully and very calmly, well, even it it is.

My second sister, Renata was born when I tape-worm 6 years, I do not remember very well the day in which she was born. I remember when I first saw I knew that also it would give my life for her. She is white as the snow, and the highest of all, It is very special, always angry this one. Regardless I love her with all my heart.

Finally my smaller sister, Florencia she is my baby, She was born when I tape-worm 9 years. I remember very well the day that my mom said to me that it would have again a sister. I thought, Wow! A new sister.

I never thought that it could love so much anybody. Always I take care of it and protect her.

She is an excellent pupil and a very enterteining girl.

My life would give for them 3, they are all my life and I give him thanks to the life for sending them. 

“La cueca sola”

During the military dictatorship to the songs was lacking political sense in points, but the resistance and opposition used the national dance as political instrument and was born “La cueca sola”, During March 8, 1978 In the international day of the woman, Because one sees the role of the woman in all the families, they already do not have parents, brothers, uncles, grandparents, friends, etc…

The women owe alone fights day after day the way of the life, they live thinking where they will be.

The “Cueca sola” To the beginning it was only a singing, composed by Gala Torres, she introduced a cueca of lament and denunciation.

The Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos it set Gabriela Bravo to dance this new form of fight.

There she does not have in spite of whom dancing, she puts a photo of his husband on his chest and dances. The Cueca It stops being a dance of conquest happening to form an expression of absence.

This experience shows that the Chilean imagination is immense, and it is important to take attention of the past of our country.

My Favorite asignature

This semester in general has been very entertained in all his subject , but still I think that I can choose "Estado y Sociedad" as my favorite. The teacher of the class is Mauricio Sepulveda, specialist in Risk, Drugs and Neoliberalism 

This asignature is about the ways de State works on all of us from the look of Foucault, here we speak of "Gubernamentalidad" in the different states, for example the pastoral states.

In the class we studied different text and also we make workshops complementary with the assistants of the class Sebastián and Rocío.

In this class you must be careful, because the teacher says a lot of information very rapidly.

In this class especially the tests are done in 24 hours and it is good and bad simultaneously, because there is great pressure but you can be employed at group.

I like very much this class because I learned many new, things interesting and necessary for the life and my profession. Also i love as the teacher explains, he know a lot, It does the enterteining class and they give desire of learning.

AN EXPERT UN YOUR FIELD THAT YOU ADMIRE

Marilda Iamamoto

It is difficult to choose only an expert, but id like to discuss Marilda Iamamoto,but on her there is no sufficient biography.

She is a Brazilian woman, who initiated his educational career in 1971,  Classified as the School of Social Service of the Catholic University at the time of Mines Gerais. 

During 1973 and 1975 he exercised his profession as social Worker without thinking of teaching even in universities 
In 1976 she postulated and entered to the Mastery Rural Sociology, the University of Sao Paulo, in this place she says that she receives his major formation to enter the social work of Marxist tradition
His more known paper, Relações Sociais and Serviço Social is published under the joint authorship by Raúl de Carvalho

I admire his work as that of all the authors of Social Work

But I like very much his singular way of relating the social work and the Marxism. It brings to our epoch the late marxisto and adapts it perfectly according to his theories